The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are to be motivated. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof.
Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y organizational behavior. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational.
The strongest influence in this area is motivation because it overlaps into both of the other two components. In strong contrast to theory x, theory y management makes the following. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y. Theory x people dislike work, have little ambition, and are unwilling to take responsibility. International journal of recent research aspects issn. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described as theory x and theory y. Mcgregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Mcgregors theory xy and job performance digitalcommons.
Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregor s theory x and theory y. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the massachusetts institute of technology mit sloan school of management in the 1950s and developed further in the 1960s. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. Nov 12, 2018 in mcgregor 1957b, he further develops his thinking in terms of theory x and theory y as it relates to performance appraisal. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to. The higherlevel needs of esteem and selfactualization are ongoing needs that, for most people, are never completely satisfied.
Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Although nearly 50 years have passed since mcgregor s initial formulation of theory x and theory y, the substantive validity of his theorizing on the effects of individual differences in. It is to mcgregor s thorough research and curiosity in behavior and incentive that we owe our current understanding of theory x and theory y. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y.
It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people. Later, it was proposed theory z makes an impact on participation in the organization prilleltensky, 1992. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals is based on various assumptions. This was followed in 1960 by the human side of enterprise, a book in which he presents a more comprehensive description of theory x and y and provides a number of theory y management practices mcgregor 1960. A manager with theory y incli construct validation of a theory x y behavior scale. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned. Book 10 communication and technology theory x and y youtube video takeawaydouglas mcgregor was a professor at mit and an advocate for human relations theory y is interested in relationship building in the workplace, employee empowerment, teamoriented, decentralization of. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregor theory x and theory y management study guide. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y.
X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Theory x is a conventional approach to motivation, based on negative assumptions. He referred to these two perceptions as theory x and theory y. This theory explains a participative style of management, that is, distributive in nature. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. External motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. Douglas mcgregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions. Mcgregor s theory y matches much of maslows self actualization level of motivation. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theories of motivation maslows hierarchy of needs mcgregor s theory x and theory y intrinsic values the theory of. The premise is that your employees will always find ways to get their work done and therefore there is no need to mollycoddle them. Theory z also places more reliance on the attitude and responsibilities of the workers, whereas mcgregor s x, y theory is mainly focused on management and motivation from the managers and organisations perspective.
In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Mcgregor 1960 points out that theory x motivation, while productive in situations where the worker is struggling to survive, is usually. It is based on the assumption that selfdirection, selfcontrol, and maturity control motivation. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account.
Mcgregor observed that x type workers are in fact mostly in minority, and yet in mass organizations, such as large scale production environment, x theory management may be needed and can be unavoidable. Theory x and theory y according to behavioral scientist douglas mcgregor, your management style is strongly inuenced by your beliefs and assumptions about what motivates your subordinates. Both theories x and y are proposed by mcgregor which describe the workforce models which are contrasting in nature and which are used by reporting managers in organizational behaviour and human. You may have already heard of mcgregors theory x and theory y model of human motivation and management.
Douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist famous in the 1960s developed two contrasting theories that explained how the managers beliefs and behavior about what motivates the employees affected the management style. Theory x and theory y team management training from. What might be less immediately understandable are the differing effects of theory x and y on resulting behavior and productivity. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. This theory was developed by douglas mcgregor in 1950s at mit. Theories of motivation and their application in organizations. Furthermore, theory x fails because it does not consider human motivation, the needs of humans. Theory x, theory y, and theory z business libretexts. Aug 05, 2019 theory x and theory y are considered as theories of human motivation at the workplace. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf file jobeagle. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Aug 19, 2020 discuss the douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y august 19, 2020 by umar farooq aside from maslows hierarchy of needs, there are so many other theories of needs that determine certain specific needs of an individual, which may offer a satisfaction associated with the work motivation. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and.
This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe.
The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Dec 02, 2020 in 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Theory y assumes that effort is a natural at work and the commitment to the goals is a reward and that human beings tend to seek responsibility. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y, sample. Leadership assumes that money is only motivation for the employees, and they will. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Jul 08, 2017 it is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of.
Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x assumptions take a negative perspective of people. Jun 17, 2015 over 50 years ago, douglas mcgregor author of the human side of enterprise created the concept of theory y, and suggested that it is much more efficient than theory x of motivation. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work.
Let us understand mcgregor s theory x and theory y of motivation and understand how it applies to the workplace. It is a very basic model and often the world is more complex. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. People can have an inherent dislike for work and avoid it if. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. Mcgregor s x and y theories mcgregor s 1960 theory x and y models categorize employees as belonging to one of two groups based on two sets of assumptions. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that workers. As such, it is these higherlevel needs through which employees can best be motivated. Theory x of motivation is based on the following assumptions. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies.
If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the. People can have an inherent dislike for work and avoid it if possible. Mcgregor believed that management can use either of the needs to motivate his employees. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been. May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Mcgregor s theory y matches much of maslows selfactualization level of motivation. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop. Y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of. Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y.
Social psychologist douglas mcgregor of mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. To mcgregor, a steady supply of motivation seemed more likely to occur under theory y management. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregor s. Discuss the douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y august 19, 2020 by umar farooq aside from maslows hierarchy of needs, there are so many other theories of needs that determine certain specific needs of an individual, which may offer a satisfaction associated with the work motivation. The concept of theory x and theory y was developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor. Book 7 psychology of leadership book 8 emotional intelligencethis is very theory y book 9. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. The research paper on organisational objectives theory mcgregor managers. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Nov 23, 2020 explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregor s theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. First, all managers have a theory of human work motivation. Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are included in one area of organizational theory. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation.
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